Wie und wie füge ich auf Debian hinzu, dass www-data Skripte ohne Passwort als root ausführen darf?

lks@nroku:~$ sudo cat /etc/sudoers
[sudo] password for lks: 
#
# This file MUST be edited with the 'visudo' command as root.
#
# Please consider adding local content in /etc/sudoers.d/ instead of
# directly modifying this file.
#
# See the man page for details on how to write a sudoers file.
#
Defaults	env_reset
Defaults	secure_path="/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin"

# Host alias specification

# User alias specification

# Cmd alias specification

# User privilege specification
root	ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

# Members of the admin group may gain root privileges
%admin ALL=(ALL) ALL

# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command
%sudo	ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

# See sudoers(5) for more information on "#include" directives:

#includedir /etc/sudoers.d

lks@nroku:~$ man sudoers | cat 
SUDOERS(5)                                            MAINTENANCE COMMANDS                                            SUDOERS(5)



NAME
       sudoers - default sudo security policy module

DESCRIPTION
       The sudoers policy module determines a user's sudo privileges.  It is the default sudo policy plugin.  The policy is
       driven by the /etc/sudoers file or, optionally in LDAP.  The policy format is described in detail in the "SUDOERS FILE
       FORMAT" section.  For information on storing sudoers policy information in LDAP, please see sudoers.ldap(5).

   Authentication and Logging
       The sudoers security policy requires that most users authenticate themselves before they can use sudo.  A password is not
       required if the invoking user is root, if the target user is the same as the invoking user, or if the policy has disabled
       authentication for the user or command.  Unlike su(1), when sudoers requires authentication, it validates the invoking
       user's credentials, not the target user's (or root's) credentials.  This can be changed via the rootpw, targetpw and
       runaspw flags, described later.

       If a user who is not listed in the policy tries to run a command via sudo, mail is sent to the proper authorities.  The
       address used for such mail is configurable via the mailto Defaults entry (described later) and defaults to root.

       Note that mail will not be sent if an unauthorized user tries to run sudo with the -l or -v option.  This allows users to
       determine for themselves whether or not they are allowed to use sudo.

       If sudo is run by root and the SUDO_USER environment variable is set, the sudoers policy will use this value to determine
       who the actual user is.  This can be used by a user to log commands through sudo even when a root shell has been invoked.
       It also allows the -e option to remain useful even when invoked via a sudo-run script or program.  Note, however, that
       the sudoers lookup is still done for root, not the user specified by SUDO_USER.

       sudoers uses time stamp files for credential caching.  Once a user has been authenticated, a time stamp is updated and
       the user may then use sudo without a password for a short period of time (15 minutes unless overridden by the timeout
       option.  By default, sudoers uses a tty-based time stamp which means that there is a separate time stamp for each of a
       user's login sessions.  The tty_tickets option can be disabled to force the use of a single time stamp for all of a
       user's sessions.

       sudoers can log both successful and unsuccessful attempts (as well as errors) to syslog(3), a log file, or both.  By
       default, sudoers will log via syslog(3) but this is changeable via the syslog and logfile Defaults settings.

       sudoers also supports logging a command's input and output streams.  I/O logging is not on by default but can be enabled
       using the log_input and log_output Defaults flags as well as the LOG_INPUT and LOG_OUTPUT command tags.

   Command Environment
       Since environment variables can influence program behavior, sudoers provides a means to restrict which variables from the
       user's environment are inherited by the command to be run.  There are two distinct ways sudoers can deal with environment
       variables.

       By default, the env_reset option is enabled.  This causes commands to be executed with a minimal environment containing
       TERM, PATH, HOME, MAIL, SHELL, LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME in addition to variables from the invoking process permitted by
       the env_check and env_keep options.  This is effectively a whitelist for environment variables.

       If, however, the env_reset option is disabled, any variables not explicitly denied by the env_check and env_delete
       options are inherited from the invoking process.  In this case, env_check and env_delete behave like a blacklist.  Since
       it is not possible to blacklist all potentially dangerous environment variables, use of the default env_reset behavior is
       encouraged.

       In all cases, environment variables with a value beginning with () are removed as they could be interpreted as bash
       functions.  The list of environment variables that sudo allows or denies is contained in the output of sudo -V when run
       as root.

       Note that the dynamic linker on most operating systems will remove variables that can control dynamic linking from the
       environment of setuid executables, including sudo.  Depending on the operating system this may include _RLD*, DYLD_*,
       LD_*, LDR_*, LIBPATH, SHLIB_PATH, and others.  These type of variables are removed from the environment before sudo even
       begins execution and, as such, it is not possible for sudo to preserve them.

       As a special case, if sudo's -i option (initial login) is specified, sudoers will initialize the environment regardless
       of the value of env_reset.  The DISPLAY, PATH and TERM variables remain unchanged; HOME, MAIL, SHELL, USER, and LOGNAME
       are set based on the target user.  On Linux and AIX systems the contents of /etc/environment are also included.  All
       other environment variables are removed.

SUDOERS FILE FORMAT
       The sudoers file is composed of two types of entries: aliases (basically variables) and user specifications (which
       specify who may run what).

       When multiple entries match for a user, they are applied in order.  Where there are multiple matches, the last match is
       used (which is not necessarily the most specific match).

       The sudoers grammar will be described below in Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF).  Don't despair if you don't know what
       EBNF is; it is fairly simple, and the definitions below are annotated.

   Quick guide to EBNF
       EBNF is a concise and exact way of describing the grammar of a language.  Each EBNF definition is made up of production
       rules.  E.g.,

        symbol ::= definition | alternate1 | alternate2 ...

       Each production rule references others and thus makes up a grammar for the language.  EBNF also contains the following
       operators, which many readers will recognize from regular expressions.  Do not, however, confuse them with "wildcard"
       characters, which have different meanings.

       ?   Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) is optional.  That is, it may appear once or not at all.

       *   Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear zero or more times.

       +   Means that the preceding symbol (or group of symbols) may appear one or more times.

       Parentheses may be used to group symbols together.  For clarity, we will use single quotes ('') to designate what is a
       verbatim character string (as opposed to a symbol name).

   Aliases
       There are four kinds of aliases: User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias and Cmnd_Alias.

        Alias ::= 'User_Alias'  User_Alias (':' User_Alias)* |
                  'Runas_Alias' Runas_Alias (':' Runas_Alias)* |
                  'Host_Alias'  Host_Alias (':' Host_Alias)* |
                  'Cmnd_Alias'  Cmnd_Alias (':' Cmnd_Alias)*

        User_Alias ::= NAME '=' User_List

        Runas_Alias ::= NAME '=' Runas_List

        Host_Alias ::= NAME '=' Host_List

        Cmnd_Alias ::= NAME '=' Cmnd_List

        NAME ::= [A-Z]([A-Z][0-9]_)*

       Each alias definition is of the form

        Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, ...

       where Alias_Type is one of User_Alias, Runas_Alias, Host_Alias, or Cmnd_Alias.  A NAME is a string of uppercase letters,
       numbers, and underscore characters ('_').  A NAME must start with an uppercase letter.  It is possible to put several
       alias definitions of the same type on a single line, joined by a colon (':').  E.g.,

        Alias_Type NAME = item1, item2, item3 : NAME = item4, item5

       The definitions of what constitutes a valid alias member follow.

        User_List ::= User |
                      User ',' User_List

        User ::= '!'* user name |
                 '!'* #uid |
                 '!'* %group |
                 '!'* %#gid |
                 '!'* +netgroup |
                 '!'* %:nonunix_group |
                 '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |
                 '!'* User_Alias

       A User_List is made up of one or more user names, user ids (prefixed with '#'), system group names and ids (prefixed with
       '%' and '%#' respectively), netgroups (prefixed with '+'), non-Unix group names and IDs (prefixed with '%:' and '%:#'
       respectively) and User_Aliases.  Each list item may be prefixed with zero or more '!' operators.  An odd number of '!'
       operators negate the value of the item; an even number just cancel each other out.

       A user name, uid, group, gid, netgroup, nonunix_group or nonunix_gid may be enclosed in double quotes to avoid the need
       for escaping special characters.  Alternately, special characters may be specified in escaped hex mode, e.g. \x20 for
       space.  When using double quotes, any prefix characters must be included inside the quotes.

       The actual nonunix_group and nonunix_gid syntax depends on the underlying group provider plugin (see the group_plugin
       description below).  For instance, the QAS AD plugin supports the following formats:

       ·   Group in the same domain: "Group Name"

       ·   Group in any domain: "Group Name@FULLY.QUALIFIED.DOMAIN"

       ·   Group SID: "S-1-2-34-5678901234-5678901234-5678901234-567"

       Note that quotes around group names are optional.  Unquoted strings must use a backslash (\) to escape spaces and special
       characters.  See "Other special characters and reserved words" for a list of characters that need to be escaped.

        Runas_List ::= Runas_Member |
                       Runas_Member ',' Runas_List

        Runas_Member ::= '!'* user name |
                         '!'* #uid |
                         '!'* %group |
                         '!'* %#gid |
                         '!'* %:nonunix_group |
                         '!'* %:#nonunix_gid |
                         '!'* +netgroup |
                         '!'* Runas_Alias

       A Runas_List is similar to a User_List except that instead of User_Aliases it can contain Runas_Aliases.  Note that user
       names and groups are matched as strings.  In other words, two users (groups) with the same uid (gid) are considered to be
       distinct.  If you wish to match all user names with the same uid (e.g. root and toor), you can use a uid instead (#0 in
       the example given).

        Host_List ::= Host |
                      Host ',' Host_List

        Host ::= '!'* host name |
                 '!'* ip_addr |
                 '!'* network(/netmask)? |
                 '!'* +netgroup |
                 '!'* Host_Alias

       A Host_List is made up of one or more host names, IP addresses, network numbers, netgroups (prefixed with '+') and other
       aliases.  Again, the value of an item may be negated with the '!' operator.  If you do not specify a netmask along with
       the network number, sudo will query each of the local host's network interfaces and, if the network number corresponds to
       one of the hosts's network interfaces, the corresponding netmask will be used.  The netmask may be specified either in
       standard IP address notation (e.g. 255.255.255.0 or ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::), or CIDR notation (number of bits, e.g. 24 or
       64).  A host name may include shell-style wildcards (see the Wildcards section below), but unless the host name command
       on your machine returns the fully qualified host name, you'll need to use the fqdn option for wildcards to be useful.
       Note sudo only inspects actual network interfaces; this means that IP address 127.0.0.1 (localhost) will never match.
       Also, the host name "localhost" will only match if that is the actual host name, which is usually only the case for non-
       networked systems.

        Cmnd_List ::= Cmnd |
                      Cmnd ',' Cmnd_List

        commandname ::= file name |
                        file name args |
                        file name '""'

        Cmnd ::= '!'* commandname |
                 '!'* directory |
                 '!'* "sudoedit" |
                 '!'* Cmnd_Alias

       A Cmnd_List is a list of one or more commandnames, directories, and other aliases.  A commandname is a fully qualified
       file name which may include shell-style wildcards (see the Wildcards section below).  A simple file name allows the user
       to run the command with any arguments he/she wishes.  However, you may also specify command line arguments (including
       wildcards).  Alternately, you can specify "" to indicate that the command may only be run without command line arguments.
       A directory is a fully qualified path name ending in a '/'.  When you specify a directory in a Cmnd_List, the user will
       be able to run any file within that directory (but not in any subdirectories therein).

       If a Cmnd has associated command line arguments, then the arguments in the Cmnd must match exactly those given by the
       user on the command line (or match the wildcards if there are any).  Note that the following characters must be escaped
       with a '\' if they are used in command arguments: ',', ':', '=', '\'.  The special command "sudoedit" is used to permit a
       user to run sudo with the -e option (or as sudoedit).  It may take command line arguments just as a normal command does.

   Defaults
       Certain configuration options may be changed from their default values at runtime via one or more Default_Entry lines.
       These may affect all users on any host, all users on a specific host, a specific user, a specific command, or commands
       being run as a specific user.  Note that per-command entries may not include command line arguments.  If you need to
       specify arguments, define a Cmnd_Alias and reference that instead.

        Default_Type ::= 'Defaults' |
                         'Defaults' '@' Host_List |
                         'Defaults' ':' User_List |
                         'Defaults' '!' Cmnd_List |
                         'Defaults' '>' Runas_List

        Default_Entry ::= Default_Type Parameter_List

        Parameter_List ::= Parameter |
                           Parameter ',' Parameter_List

        Parameter ::= Parameter '=' Value |
                      Parameter '+=' Value |
                      Parameter '-=' Value |
                      '!'* Parameter

       Parameters may be flags, integer values, strings, or lists.  Flags are implicitly boolean and can be turned off via the
       '!'  operator.  Some integer, string and list parameters may also be used in a boolean context to disable them.  Values
       may be enclosed in double quotes (") when they contain multiple words.  Special characters may be escaped with a
       backslash (\).

       Lists have two additional assignment operators, += and -=.  These operators are used to add to and delete from a list
       respectively.  It is not an error to use the -= operator to remove an element that does not exist in a list.

       Defaults entries are parsed in the following order: generic, host and user Defaults first, then runas Defaults and
       finally command defaults.

       See "SUDOERS OPTIONS" for a list of supported Defaults parameters.

   User Specification
        User_Spec ::= User_List Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List \
                      (':' Host_List '=' Cmnd_Spec_List)*

        Cmnd_Spec_List ::= Cmnd_Spec |
                           Cmnd_Spec ',' Cmnd_Spec_List

        Cmnd_Spec ::= Runas_Spec? Tag_Spec* Cmnd

        Runas_Spec ::= '(' Runas_List? (':' Runas_List)? ')'

        Tag_Spec ::= ('NOPASSWD:' | 'PASSWD:' | 'NOEXEC:' | 'EXEC:' |
                      'SETENV:' | 'NOSETENV:' | 'LOG_INPUT:' | 'NOLOG_INPUT:' |
                      'LOG_OUTPUT:' | 'NOLOG_OUTPUT:')

       A user specification determines which commands a user may run (and as what user) on specified hosts.  By default,
       commands are run as root, but this can be changed on a per-command basis.

       The basic structure of a user specification is `who where = (as_whom) what'.  Let's break that down into its constituent
       parts:

   Runas_Spec
       A Runas_Spec determines the user and/or the group that a command may be run as.  A fully-specified Runas_Spec consists of
       two Runas_Lists (as defined above) separated by a colon (':') and enclosed in a set of parentheses.  The first Runas_List
       indicates which users the command may be run as via sudo's -u option.  The second defines a list of groups that can be
       specified via sudo's -g option.  If both Runas_Lists are specified, the command may be run with any combination of users
       and groups listed in their respective Runas_Lists.  If only the first is specified, the command may be run as any user in
       the list but no -g option may be specified.  If the first Runas_List is empty but the second is specified, the command
       may be run as the invoking user with the group set to any listed in the Runas_List.  If no Runas_Spec is specified the
       command may be run as root and no group may be specified.

       A Runas_Spec sets the default for the commands that follow it.  What this means is that for the entry:

        dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm

       The user dgb may run /bin/ls, /bin/kill, and /usr/bin/lprm -- but only as operator.  E.g.,

        $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls

       It is also possible to override a Runas_Spec later on in an entry.  If we modify the entry like so:

        dgb    boulder = (operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, /usr/bin/lprm

       Then user dgb is now allowed to run /bin/ls as operator, but  /bin/kill and /usr/bin/lprm as root.

       We can extend this to allow dgb to run /bin/ls with either the user or group set to operator:

        dgb    boulder = (operator : operator) /bin/ls, (root) /bin/kill, \
               /usr/bin/lprm

       Note that while the group portion of the Runas_Spec permits the user to run as command with that group, it does not force
       the user to do so.  If no group is specified on the command line, the command will run with the group listed in the
       target user's password database entry.  The following would all be permitted by the sudoers entry above:

        $ sudo -u operator /bin/ls
        $ sudo -u operator -g operator /bin/ls
        $ sudo -g operator /bin/ls

       In the following example, user tcm may run commands that access a modem device file with the dialer group.

        tcm    boulder = (:dialer) /usr/bin/tip, /usr/bin/cu, \
               /usr/local/bin/minicom

       Note that in this example only the group will be set, the command still runs as user tcm.  E.g.

        $ sudo -g dialer /usr/bin/cu

       Multiple users and groups may be present in a Runas_Spec, in which case the user may select any combination of users and
       groups via the -u and -g options.  In this example:

        alan   ALL = (root, bin : operator, system) ALL

       user alan may run any command as either user root or bin, optionally setting the group to operator or system.

   Tag_Spec
       A command may have zero or more tags associated with it.  There are eight possible tag values, NOPASSWD, PASSWD, NOEXEC,
       EXEC, SETENV, NOSETENV, LOG_INPUT, NOLOG_INPUT, LOG_OUTPUT and NOLOG_OUTPUT.  Once a tag is set on a Cmnd, subsequent
       Cmnds in the Cmnd_Spec_List, inherit the tag unless it is overridden by the opposite tag (i.e.: PASSWD overrides NOPASSWD
       and NOEXEC overrides EXEC).

       NOPASSWD and PASSWD

       By default, sudo requires that a user authenticate him or herself before running a command.  This behavior can be
       modified via the NOPASSWD tag.  Like a Runas_Spec, the NOPASSWD tag sets a default for the commands that follow it in the
       Cmnd_Spec_List.  Conversely, the PASSWD tag can be used to reverse things.  For example:

        ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm

       would allow the user ray to run /bin/kill, /bin/ls, and /usr/bin/lprm as root on the machine rushmore without
       authenticating himself.  If we only want ray to be able to run /bin/kill without a password the entry would be:

        ray    rushmore = NOPASSWD: /bin/kill, PASSWD: /bin/ls, /usr/bin/lprm

       Note, however, that the PASSWD tag has no effect on users who are in the group specified by the exempt_group option.

       By default, if the NOPASSWD tag is applied to any of the entries for a user on the current host, he or she will be able
       to run sudo -l without a password.  Additionally, a user may only run sudo -v without a password if the NOPASSWD tag is
       present for all a user's entries that pertain to the current host.  This behavior may be overridden via the verifypw and
       listpw options.

       NOEXEC and EXEC

       If sudo has been compiled with noexec support and the underlying operating system supports it, the NOEXEC tag can be used
       to prevent a dynamically-linked executable from running further commands itself.

       In the following example, user aaron may run /usr/bin/more and /usr/bin/vi but shell escapes will be disabled.

        aaron  shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi

       See the "PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section below for more details on how NOEXEC works and whether or not it will work on
       your system.

       SETENV and NOSETENV

       These tags override the value of the setenv option on a per-command basis.  Note that if SETENV has been set for a
       command, the user may disable the env_reset option from the command line via the -E option.  Additionally, environment
       variables set on the command line are not subject to the restrictions imposed by env_check, env_delete, or env_keep.  As
       such, only trusted users should be allowed to set variables in this manner.  If the command matched is ALL, the SETENV
       tag is implied for that command; this default may be overridden by use of the NOSETENV tag.

       LOG_INPUT and NOLOG_INPUT

       These tags override the value of the log_input option on a per-command basis.  For more information, see the description
       of log_input in the "SUDOERS OPTIONS" section below.

       LOG_OUTPUT and NOLOG_OUTPUT

       These tags override the value of the log_output option on a per-command basis.  For more information, see the description
       of log_output in the "SUDOERS OPTIONS" section below.

   Wildcards
       sudo allows shell-style wildcards (aka meta or glob characters) to be used in host names, path names and command line
       arguments in the sudoers file.  Wildcard matching is done via the POSIX glob(3) and fnmatch(3) routines.  Note that these
       are not regular expressions.

       *       Matches any set of zero or more characters.

       ?       Matches any single character.

       [...]   Matches any character in the specified range.

       [!...]  Matches any character not in the specified range.

       \x      For any character "x", evaluates to "x".  This is used to escape special characters such as: "*", "?", "[", and
               "}".

       POSIX character classes may also be used if your system's glob(3) and fnmatch(3) functions support them.  However,
       because the ':' character has special meaning in sudoers, it must be escaped.  For example:

           /bin/ls [[\:alpha\:]]*

       Would match any file name beginning with a letter.

       Note that a forward slash ('/') will not be matched by wildcards used in the path name.  When matching the command line
       arguments, however, a slash does get matched by wildcards.  This is to make a path like:

           /usr/bin/*

       match /usr/bin/who but not /usr/bin/X11/xterm.

   Exceptions to wildcard rules
       The following exceptions apply to the above rules:

       ""      If the empty string "" is the only command line argument in the sudoers entry it means that command is not
               allowed to be run with any arguments.

   Including other files from within sudoers
       It is possible to include other sudoers files from within the sudoers file currently being parsed using the #include and
       #includedir directives.

       This can be used, for example, to keep a site-wide sudoers file in addition to a local, per-machine file.  For the sake
       of this example the site-wide sudoers will be /etc/sudoers and the per-machine one will be /etc/sudoers.local.  To
       include /etc/sudoers.local from within /etc/sudoers we would use the following line in /etc/sudoers:

           #include /etc/sudoers.local

       When sudo reaches this line it will suspend processing of the current file (/etc/sudoers) and switch to
       /etc/sudoers.local.  Upon reaching the end of /etc/sudoers.local, the rest of /etc/sudoers will be processed.  Files that
       are included may themselves include other files.  A hard limit of 128 nested include files is enforced to prevent include
       file loops.

       The file name may include the %h escape, signifying the short form of the host name.  I.e., if the machine's host name is
       "xerxes", then

       #include /etc/sudoers.%h

       will cause sudo to include the file /etc/sudoers.xerxes.

       The #includedir directive can be used to create a sudo.d directory that the system package manager can drop sudoers rules
       into as part of package installation.  For example, given:

       #includedir /etc/sudoers.d

       sudo will read each file in /etc/sudoers.d, skipping file names that end in ~ or contain a . character to avoid causing
       problems with package manager or editor temporary/backup files.  Files are parsed in sorted lexical order.  That is,
       /etc/sudoers.d/01_first will be parsed before /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.  Be aware that because the sorting is lexical,
       not numeric, /etc/sudoers.d/1_whoops would be loaded after /etc/sudoers.d/10_second.  Using a consistent number of
       leading zeroes in the file names can be used to avoid such problems.

       Note that unlike files included via #include, visudo will not edit the files in a #includedir directory unless one of
       them contains a syntax error.  It is still possible to run visudo with the -f flag to edit the files directly.

   Other special characters and reserved words
       The pound sign ('#') is used to indicate a comment (unless it is part of a #include directive or unless it occurs in the
       context of a user name and is followed by one or more digits, in which case it is treated as a uid).  Both the comment
       character and any text after it, up to the end of the line, are ignored.

       The reserved word ALL is a built-in alias that always causes a match to succeed.  It can be used wherever one might
       otherwise use a Cmnd_Alias, User_Alias, Runas_Alias, or Host_Alias.  You should not try to define your own alias called
       ALL as the built-in alias will be used in preference to your own.  Please note that using ALL can be dangerous since in a
       command context, it allows the user to run any command on the system.

       An exclamation point ('!') can be used as a logical not operator both in an alias and in front of a Cmnd.  This allows
       one to exclude certain values.  Note, however, that using a ! in conjunction with the built-in ALL alias to allow a user
       to run "all but a few" commands rarely works as intended (see SECURITY NOTES below).

       Long lines can be continued with a backslash ('\') as the last character on the line.

       Whitespace between elements in a list as well as special syntactic characters in a User Specification ('=', ':', '(',
       ')') is optional.

       The following characters must be escaped with a backslash ('\') when used as part of a word (e.g. a user name or host
       name): '!', '=', ':', ',', '(', ')', '\'.

SUDOERS OPTIONS
       sudo's behavior can be modified by Default_Entry lines, as explained earlier.  A list of all supported Defaults
       parameters, grouped by type, are listed below.

       Boolean Flags:

       always_set_home If enabled, sudo will set the HOME environment variable to the home directory of the target user (which
                       is root unless the -u option is used).  This effectively means that the -H option is always implied.
                       Note that HOME is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so always_set_home is only
                       effective for configurations where either env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep list.
                       This flag is off by default.

       authenticate    If set, users must authenticate themselves via a password (or other means of authentication) before they
                       may run commands.  This default may be overridden via the PASSWD and NOPASSWD tags.  This flag is on by
                       default.

       closefrom_override
                       If set, the user may use sudo's -C option which overrides the default starting point at which sudo begins
                       closing open file descriptors.  This flag is off by default.

       compress_io     If set, and sudo is configured to log a command's input or output, the I/O logs will be compressed using
                       zlib.  This flag is on by default when sudo is compiled with zlib support.

       env_editor      If set, visudo will use the value of the EDITOR or VISUAL environment variables before falling back on
                       the default editor list.  Note that this may create a security hole as it allows the user to run any
                       arbitrary command as root without logging.  A safer alternative is to place a colon-separated list of
                       editors in the editor variable.  visudo will then only use the EDITOR or VISUAL if they match a value
                       specified in editor.  This flag is on by default.

       env_reset       If set, sudo will reset the environment to only contain the LOGNAME, MAIL, SHELL, USER, USERNAME and the
                       SUDO_* variables.  Any variables in the caller's environment that match the env_keep and env_check lists
                       are then added.  The default contents of the env_keep and env_check lists are displayed when sudo is run
                       by root with the -V option.  If the secure_path option is set, its value will be used for the PATH
                       environment variable.  This flag is on by default.

       fast_glob       Normally, sudo uses the glob(3) function to do shell-style globbing when matching path names.  However,
                       since it accesses the file system, glob(3) can take a long time to complete for some patterns, especially
                       when the pattern references a network file system that is mounted on demand (automounted).  The fast_glob
                       option causes sudo to use the fnmatch(3) function, which does not access the file system to do its
                       matching.  The disadvantage of fast_glob is that it is unable to match relative path names such as ./ls
                       or ../bin/ls.  This has security implications when path names that include globbing characters are used
                       with the negation operator, '!', as such rules can be trivially bypassed.  As such, this option should
                       not be used when sudoers contains rules that contain negated path names which include globbing
                       characters.  This flag is off by default.

       fqdn            Set this flag if you want to put fully qualified host names in the sudoers file.  I.e., instead of myhost
                       you would use myhost.mydomain.edu.  You may still use the short form if you wish (and even mix the two).
                       Beware that turning on fqdn requires sudo to make DNS lookups which may make sudo unusable if DNS stops
                       working (for example if the machine is not plugged into the network).  Also note that you must use the
                       host's official name as DNS knows it.  That is, you may not use a host alias (CNAME entry) due to
                       performance issues and the fact that there is no way to get all aliases from DNS.  If your machine's host
                       name (as returned by the hostname command) is already fully qualified you shouldn't need to set fqdn.
                       This flag is on by default.

       ignore_dot      If set, sudo will ignore '.' or '' (current dir) in the PATH environment variable; the PATH itself is not
                       modified.  This flag is off by default.

       ignore_local_sudoers
                       If set via LDAP, parsing of /etc/sudoers will be skipped.  This is intended for Enterprises that wish to
                       prevent the usage of local sudoers files so that only LDAP is used.  This thwarts the efforts of rogue
                       operators who would attempt to add roles to /etc/sudoers.  When this option is present, /etc/sudoers does
                       not even need to exist. Since this option tells sudo how to behave when no specific LDAP entries have
                       been matched, this sudoOption is only meaningful for the cn=defaults section.  This flag is off by
                       default.

       insults         If set, sudo will insult users when they enter an incorrect password.  This flag is off by default.

       log_host        If set, the host name will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file.  This flag is off by default.

       log_input       If set, sudo will run the command in a pseudo tty and log all user input.  If the standard input is not
                       connected to the user's tty, due to I/O redirection or because the command is part of a pipeline, that
                       input is also captured and stored in a separate log file.

                       Input is logged to the directory specified by the iolog_dir option (/var/log/sudo-io by default) using a
                       unique session ID that is included in the normal sudo log line, prefixed with TSID=.  The iolog_file
                       option may be used to control the format of the session ID.

                       Note that user input may contain sensitive information such as passwords (even if they are not echoed to
                       the screen), which will be stored in the log file unencrypted.  In most cases, logging the command output
                       via log_output is all that is required.

       log_output      If set, sudo will run the command in a pseudo tty and log all output that is sent to the screen, similar
                       to the script(1) command.  If the standard output or standard error is not connected to the user's tty,
                       due to I/O redirection or because the command is part of a pipeline, that output is also captured and
                       stored in separate log files.

                       Output is logged to the directory specified by the iolog_dir option (/var/log/sudo-io by default) using a
                       unique session ID that is included in the normal sudo log line, prefixed with TSID=.  The iolog_file
                       option may be used to control the format of the session ID.

                       Output logs may be viewed with the sudoreplay(8) utility, which can also be used to list or search the
                       available logs.

       log_year        If set, the four-digit year will be logged in the (non-syslog) sudo log file.  This flag is off by
                       default.

       long_otp_prompt When validating with a One Time Password (OTP) scheme such as S/Key or OPIE, a two-line prompt is used to
                       make it easier to cut and paste the challenge to a local window.  It's not as pretty as the default but
                       some people find it more convenient.  This flag is off by default.

       mail_always     Send mail to the mailto user every time a users runs sudo.  This flag is off by default.

       mail_badpass    Send mail to the mailto user if the user running sudo does not enter the correct password.  This flag is
                       on by default.

       mail_no_host    If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user exists in the sudoers file, but is not
                       allowed to run commands on the current host.  This flag is off by default.

       mail_no_perms   If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is allowed to use sudo but the command
                       they are trying is not listed in their sudoers file entry or is explicitly denied.  This flag is off by
                       default.

       mail_no_user    If set, mail will be sent to the mailto user if the invoking user is not in the sudoers file.  This flag
                       is on by default.

       noexec          If set, all commands run via sudo will behave as if the NOEXEC tag has been set, unless overridden by a
                       EXEC tag.  See the description of NOEXEC and EXEC below as well as the "PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES" section
                       at the end of this manual.  This flag is off by default.

       path_info       Normally, sudo will tell the user when a command could not be found in their PATH environment variable.
                       Some sites may wish to disable this as it could be used to gather information on the location of
                       executables that the normal user does not have access to.  The disadvantage is that if the executable is
                       simply not in the user's PATH, sudo will tell the user that they are not allowed to run it, which can be
                       confusing.  This flag is on by default.

       passprompt_override
                       The password prompt specified by passprompt will normally only be used if the password prompt provided by
                       systems such as PAM matches the string "Password:".  If passprompt_override is set, passprompt will
                       always be used.  This flag is off by default.

       preserve_groups By default, sudo will initialize the group vector to the list of groups the target user is in.  When
                       preserve_groups is set, the user's existing group vector is left unaltered.  The real and effective group
                       IDs, however, are still set to match the target user.  This flag is off by default.

       pwfeedback      By default, sudo reads the password like most other Unix programs, by turning off echo until the user
                       hits the return (or enter) key.  Some users become confused by this as it appears to them that sudo has
                       hung at this point.  When pwfeedback is set, sudo will provide visual feedback when the user presses a
                       key.  Note that this does have a security impact as an onlooker may be able to determine the length of
                       the password being entered.  This flag is off by default.

       requiretty      If set, sudo will only run when the user is logged in to a real tty.  When this flag is set, sudo can
                       only be run from a login session and not via other means such as cron(8) or cgi-bin scripts.  This flag
                       is off by default.

       root_sudo       If set, root is allowed to run sudo too.  Disabling this prevents users from "chaining" sudo commands to
                       get a root shell by doing something like "sudo sudo /bin/sh".  Note, however, that turning off root_sudo
                       will also prevent root from running sudoedit.  Disabling root_sudo provides no real additional security;
                       it exists purely for historical reasons.  This flag is on by default.

       rootpw          If set, sudo will prompt for the root password instead of the password of the invoking user.  This flag
                       is off by default.

       runaspw         If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user defined by the runas_default option (defaults to
                       root) instead of the password of the invoking user.  This flag is off by default.

       set_home        If enabled and sudo is invoked with the -s option the HOME environment variable will be set to the home
                       directory of the target user (which is root unless the -u option is used).  This effectively makes the -s
                       option imply -H.  Note that HOME is already set when the the env_reset option is enabled, so set_home is
                       only effective for configurations where either env_reset is disabled or HOME is present in the env_keep
                       list.  This flag is off by default.

       set_logname     Normally, sudo will set the LOGNAME, USER and USERNAME environment variables to the name of the target
                       user (usually root unless the -u option is given).  However, since some programs (including the RCS
                       revision control system) use LOGNAME to determine the real identity of the user, it may be desirable to
                       change this behavior.  This can be done by negating the set_logname option.  Note that if the env_reset
                       option has not been disabled, entries in the env_keep list will override the value of set_logname.  This
                       flag is on by default.

       set_utmp        When enabled, sudo will create an entry in the utmp (or utmpx) file when a pseudo-tty is allocated.  A
                       pseudo-tty is allocated by sudo when the log_input, log_output or use_pty flags are enabled.  By default,
                       the new entry will be a copy of the user's existing utmp entry (if any), with the tty, time, type and pid
                       fields updated.  This flag is on by default.

       setenv          Allow the user to disable the env_reset option from the command line via the -E option.  Additionally,
                       environment variables set via the command line are not subject to the restrictions imposed by env_check,
                       env_delete, or env_keep.  As such, only trusted users should be allowed to set variables in this manner.
                       This flag is off by default.

       shell_noargs    If set and sudo is invoked with no arguments it acts as if the -s option had been given.  That is, it
                       runs a shell as root (the shell is determined by the SHELL environment variable if it is set, falling
                       back on the shell listed in the invoking user's /etc/passwd entry if not).  This flag is off by default.

       stay_setuid     Normally, when sudo executes a command the real and effective UIDs are set to the target user (root by
                       default).  This option changes that behavior such that the real UID is left as the invoking user's UID.
                       In other words, this makes sudo act as a setuid wrapper.  This can be useful on systems that disable some
                       potentially dangerous functionality when a program is run setuid.  This option is only effective on
                       systems with either the setreuid() or setresuid() function.  This flag is off by default.

       targetpw        If set, sudo will prompt for the password of the user specified by the -u option (defaults to root)
                       instead of the password of the invoking user.  In addition, the timestamp file name will include the
                       target user's name.  Note that this flag precludes the use of a uid not listed in the passwd database as
                       an argument to the -u option.  This flag is off by default.

       tty_tickets     If set, users must authenticate on a per-tty basis.  With this flag enabled, sudo will use a file named
                       for the tty the user is logged in on in the user's time stamp directory.  If disabled, the time stamp of
                       the directory is used instead.  This flag is on by default.

       umask_override  If set, sudo will set the umask as specified by sudoers without modification.  This makes it possible to
                       specify a more permissive umask in sudoers than the user's own umask and matches historical behavior.  If
                       umask_override is not set, sudo will set the umask to be the union of the user's umask and what is
                       specified in sudoers.  This flag is off by default.

       use_pty         If set, sudo will run the command in a pseudo-pty even if no I/O logging is being gone.  A malicious
                       program run under sudo could conceivably fork a background process that retains to the user's terminal
                       device after the main program has finished executing.  Use of this option will make that impossible.
                       This flag is off by default.

       utmp_runas      If set, sudo will store the name of the runas user when updating the utmp (or utmpx) file.  By default,
                       sudo stores the name of the invoking user.  This flag is off by default.

       visiblepw       By default, sudo will refuse to run if the user must enter a password but it is not possible to disable
                       echo on the terminal.  If the visiblepw flag is set, sudo will prompt for a password even when it would
                       be visible on the screen.  This makes it possible to run things like "rsh somehost sudo ls" since rsh(1)
                       does not allocate a tty.  This flag is off by default.

       Integers:

       closefrom       Before it executes a command, sudo will close all open file descriptors other than standard input,
                       standard output and standard error (ie: file descriptors 0-2).  The closefrom option can be used to
                       specify a different file descriptor at which to start closing.  The default is 3.

       passwd_tries    The number of tries a user gets to enter his/her password before sudo logs the failure and exits.  The
                       default is 3.

       Integers that can be used in a boolean context:

       loglinelen      Number of characters per line for the file log.  This value is used to decide when to wrap lines for
                       nicer log files.  This has no effect on the syslog log file, only the file log.  The default is 80 (use 0
                       or negate the option to disable word wrap).

       passwd_timeout  Number of minutes before the sudo password prompt times out, or 0 for no timeout.  The timeout may
                       include a fractional component if minute granularity is insufficient, for example 2.5.  The default is 0.

       timestamp_timeout
                       Number of minutes that can elapse before sudo will ask for a passwd again.  The timeout may include a
                       fractional component if minute granularity is insufficient, for example 2.5.  The default is 15.  Set
                       this to 0 to always prompt for a password.  If set to a value less than 0 the user's timestamp will never
                       expire.  This can be used to allow users to create or delete their own timestamps via sudo -v and sudo -k
                       respectively.

       umask           Umask to use when running the command.  Negate this option or set it to 0777 to preserve the user's
                       umask.  The actual umask that is used will be the union of the user's umask and the value of the umask
                       option, which defaults to 0022.  This guarantees that sudo never lowers the umask when running a command.
                       Note on systems that use PAM, the default PAM configuration may specify its own umask which will override
                       the value set in sudoers.

       Strings:

       badpass_message Message that is displayed if a user enters an incorrect password.  The default is Sorry, try again.
                       unless insults are enabled.

       editor          A colon (':') separated list of editors allowed to be used with visudo.  visudo will choose the editor
                       that matches the user's EDITOR environment variable if possible, or the first editor in the list that
                       exists and is executable.  The default is "/usr/local/bin/vi".

       iolog_dir       The top-level directory to use when constructing the path name for the input/output log directory.  Only
                       used if the log_input or log_output options are enabled or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT tags are
                       present for a command.  The session sequence number, if any, is stored in the directory.  The default is
                       "/var/log/sudo-io".

                       The following percent (`%') escape sequences are supported:

                       %{seq}
                           expanded to a monotonically increasing base-36 sequence number, such as 0100A5, where every two
                           digits are used to form a new directory, e.g. 01/00/A5

                       %{user}
                           expanded to the invoking user's login name

                       %{group}
                           expanded to the name of the invoking user's real group ID

                       %{runas_user}
                           expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (e.g. root)

                       %{runas_group}
                           expanded to the group name of the user the command will be run as (e.g. wheel)

                       %{hostname}
                           expanded to the local host name without the domain name

                       %{command}
                           expanded to the base name of the command being run

                       In addition, any escape sequences supported by the system's strftime() function will be expanded.

                       To include a literal `%' character, the string `%%' should be used.

       iolog_file      The path name, relative to iolog_dir, in which to store input/output logs when the log_input or
                       log_output options are enabled or when the LOG_INPUT or LOG_OUTPUT tags are present for a command.  Note
                       that iolog_file may contain directory components.  The default is "%{seq}".

                       See the iolog_dir option above for a list of supported percent (`%') escape sequences.

                       In addition to the escape sequences, path names that end in six or more Xs will have the Xs replaced with
                       a unique combination of digits and letters, similar to the mktemp() function.

       mailsub         Subject of the mail sent to the mailto user. The escape %h will expand to the host name of the machine.
                       Default is *** SECURITY information for %h ***.

       noexec_file     This option is deprecated and will be removed in a future release of sudo.  The path to the noexec file
                       should now be set in the /etc/sudo.conf file.

       passprompt      The default prompt to use when asking for a password; can be overridden via the -p option or the
                       SUDO_PROMPT environment variable.  The following percent (`%') escape sequences are supported:

                       %H  expanded to the local host name including the domain name (only if the machine's host name is fully
                           qualified or the fqdn option is set)

                       %h  expanded to the local host name without the domain name

                       %p  expanded to the user whose password is being asked for (respects the rootpw, targetpw and runaspw
                           flags in sudoers)

                       %U  expanded to the login name of the user the command will be run as (defaults to root)

                       %u  expanded to the invoking user's login name

                       %%  two consecutive % characters are collapsed into a single % character

                       The default value is [sudo] password for %p: .

       runas_default   The default user to run commands as if the -u option is not specified on the command line.  This defaults
                       to root.

       syslog_badpri   Syslog priority to use when user authenticates unsuccessfully.  Defaults to alert.

                       The following syslog priorities are supported: alert, crit, debug, emerg, err, info, notice, and warning.

       syslog_goodpri  Syslog priority to use when user authenticates successfully.  Defaults to notice.

                       See syslog_badpri for the list of supported syslog priorities.

       sudoers_locale  Locale to use when parsing the sudoers file, logging commands, and sending email.  Note that changing the
                       locale may affect how sudoers is interpreted.  Defaults to "C".

       timestampdir    The directory in which sudo stores its timestamp files.  The default is /var/lib/sudo.

       timestampowner  The owner of the timestamp directory and the timestamps stored therein.  The default is root.

       Strings that can be used in a boolean context:

       env_file    The env_file options specifies the fully qualified path to a file containing variables to be set in the
                   environment of the program being run.  Entries in this file should either be of the form VARIABLE=value or
                   export VARIABLE=value.  The value may optionally be surrounded by single or double quotes.  Variables in this
                   file are subject to other sudo environment settings such as env_keep and env_check.

       exempt_group
                   Users in this group are exempt from password and PATH requirements.  The group name specified should not
                   include a % prefix.  This is not set by default.

       group_plugin
                   A string containing a sudoers group plugin with optional arguments.  This can be used to implement support
                   for the nonunix_group syntax described earlier.  The string should consist of the plugin path, either fully-
                   qualified or relative to the /usr/libexec directory, followed by any configuration arguments the plugin
                   requires.  These arguments (if any) will be passed to the plugin's initialization function.  If arguments are
                   present, the string must be enclosed in double quotes (").

                   For example, given /etc/sudo-group, a group file in Unix group format, the sample group plugin can be used:

                       Defaults group_plugin="sample_group.so /etc/sudo-group"

                   For more information see sudo_plugin(5).

       lecture     This option controls when a short lecture will be printed along with the password prompt.  It has the
                   following possible values:

                   always  Always lecture the user.

                   never   Never lecture the user.

                   once    Only lecture the user the first time they run sudo.

                   If no value is specified, a value of once is implied.  Negating the option results in a value of never being
                   used.  The default value is never.

       lecture_file
                   Path to a file containing an alternate sudo lecture that will be used in place of the standard lecture if the
                   named file exists.  By default, sudo uses a built-in lecture.

       listpw      This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -l option.  It has the
                   following possible values:

                   all     All the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering
                           a password.

                   always  The user must always enter a password to use the -l option.

                   any     At least one of the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to
                           avoid entering a password.

                   never   The user need never enter a password to use the -l option.

                   If no value is specified, a value of any is implied.  Negating the option results in a value of never being
                   used.  The default value is any.

       logfile     Path to the sudo log file (not the syslog log file).  Setting a path turns on logging to a file; negating
                   this option turns it off.  By default, sudo logs via syslog.

       mailerflags Flags to use when invoking mailer. Defaults to -t.

       mailerpath  Path to mail program used to send warning mail.  Defaults to the path to sendmail found at configure time.

       mailfrom    Address to use for the "from" address when sending warning and error mail.  The address should be enclosed in
                   double quotes (") to protect against sudo interpreting the @ sign.  Defaults to the name of the user running
                   sudo.

       mailto      Address to send warning and error mail to.  The address should be enclosed in double quotes (") to protect
                   against sudo interpreting the @ sign.  Defaults to root.

       secure_path Path used for every command run from sudo.  If you don't trust the people running sudo to have a sane PATH
                   environment variable you may want to use this.  Another use is if you want to have the "root path" be
                   separate from the "user path."  Users in the group specified by the exempt_group option are not affected by
                   secure_path.  This option is not set by default.

       syslog      Syslog facility if syslog is being used for logging (negate to disable syslog logging).  Defaults to
                   authpriv.

                   The following syslog facilities are supported: authpriv (if your OS supports it), auth, daemon, user, local0,
                   local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, and local7.

       verifypw    This option controls when a password will be required when a user runs sudo with the -v option.  It has the
                   following possible values:

                   all     All the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to avoid entering
                           a password.

                   always  The user must always enter a password to use the -v option.

                   any     At least one of the user's sudoers entries for the current host must have the NOPASSWD flag set to
                           avoid entering a password.

                   never   The user need never enter a password to use the -v option.

                   If no value is specified, a value of all is implied.  Negating the option results in a value of never being
                   used.  The default value is all.

       Lists that can be used in a boolean context:

       env_check       Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment unless they are considered “safe”.  For
                       all variables except TZ, “safe” means that the variable's value does not contain any % or / characters.
                       This can be used to guard against printf-style format vulnerabilities in poorly-written programs.  The TZ
                       variable is considered unsafe if any of the following are true:

                         ·   It consists of a fully-qualified path name, optionally prefixed with a colon (‘:’), that does not
                             match the location of the zoneinfo directory.

                         ·   It contains a ..  path element.

                         ·   It contains white space or non-printable characters.

                         ·   It is longer than the value of PATH_MAX.

                         The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or a single value without double-quotes.  The
                         list can be replaced, added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators
                         respectively.  Regardless of whether the env_reset option is enabled or disabled, variables specified
                         by env_check will be preserved in the environment if they pass the aforementioned check.  The default
                         list of environment variables to check is displayed when sudo is run by root with the -V option.

                         env_delete      Environment variables to be removed from the user's environment when the env_reset
                                         option is not in effect.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-separated list or
                                         a single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced, added to, deleted
                                         from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators respectively.  The default
                                         list of environment variables to remove is displayed when sudo is run by root with the
                                         -V option.  Note that many operating systems will remove potentially dangerous
                                         variables from the environment of any setuid process (such as sudo).

                         env_keep        Environment variables to be preserved in the user's environment when the env_reset
                                         option is in effect.  This allows fine-grained control over the environment
                                         sudo-spawned processes will receive.  The argument may be a double-quoted, space-
                                         separated list or a single value without double-quotes.  The list can be replaced,
                                         added to, deleted from, or disabled by using the =, +=, -=, and ! operators
                                         respectively.  The default list of variables to keep is displayed when sudo is run by
                                         root with the -V option.

FILES
       /etc/sudoers            List of who can run what

       /etc/group              Local groups file

       /etc/netgroup           List of network groups

       /var/log/sudo-io        I/O log files

       /var/lib/sudo           Directory containing time stamps for the sudoers security policy

       /etc/environment        Initial environment for -i mode on Linux and AIX

EXAMPLES
       Below are example sudoers entries.  Admittedly, some of these are a bit contrived.  First, we allow a few environment
       variables to pass and then define our aliases:

        # Run X applications through sudo; HOME is used to find the
        # .Xauthority file.  Note that other programs use HOME to find
        # configuration files and this may lead to privilege escalation!
        Defaults env_keep += "DISPLAY HOME"

        # User alias specification
        User_Alias     FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
        User_Alias     PARTTIMERS = bostley, jwfox, crawl
        User_Alias     WEBMASTERS = will, wendy, wim

        # Runas alias specification
        Runas_Alias    OP = root, operator
        Runas_Alias    DB = oracle, sybase
        Runas_Alias    ADMINGRP = adm, oper

        # Host alias specification
        Host_Alias     SPARC = bigtime, eclipse, moet, anchor :\
                       SGI = grolsch, dandelion, black :\
                       ALPHA = widget, thalamus, foobar :\
                       HPPA = boa, nag, python
        Host_Alias     CUNETS = 128.138.0.0/255.255.0.0
        Host_Alias     CSNETS = 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0/24, 128.138.242.0
        Host_Alias     SERVERS = master, mail, www, ns
        Host_Alias     CDROM = orion, perseus, hercules

        # Cmnd alias specification
        Cmnd_Alias     DUMPS = /usr/bin/mt, /usr/sbin/dump, /usr/sbin/rdump,\
                               /usr/sbin/restore, /usr/sbin/rrestore
        Cmnd_Alias     KILL = /usr/bin/kill
        Cmnd_Alias     PRINTING = /usr/sbin/lpc, /usr/bin/lprm
        Cmnd_Alias     SHUTDOWN = /usr/sbin/shutdown
        Cmnd_Alias     HALT = /usr/sbin/halt
        Cmnd_Alias     REBOOT = /usr/sbin/reboot
        Cmnd_Alias     SHELLS = /usr/bin/sh, /usr/bin/csh, /usr/bin/ksh, \
                                /usr/local/bin/tcsh, /usr/bin/rsh, \
                                /usr/local/bin/zsh
        Cmnd_Alias     SU = /usr/bin/su
        Cmnd_Alias     PAGERS = /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg, /usr/bin/less

       Here we override some of the compiled in default values.  We want sudo to log via syslog(3) using the auth facility in
       all cases.  We don't want to subject the full time staff to the sudo lecture, user millert need not give a password, and
       we don't want to reset the LOGNAME, USER or USERNAME environment variables when running commands as root.  Additionally,
       on the machines in the SERVERS Host_Alias, we keep an additional local log file and make sure we log the year in each log
       line since the log entries will be kept around for several years.  Lastly, we disable shell escapes for the commands in
       the PAGERS Cmnd_Alias (/usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/pg and /usr/bin/less).

        # Override built-in defaults
        Defaults               syslog=auth
        Defaults>root          !set_logname
        Defaults:FULLTIMERS    !lecture
        Defaults:millert       !authenticate
        Defaults@SERVERS       log_year, logfile=/var/log/sudo.log
        Defaults!PAGERS        noexec

       The User specification is the part that actually determines who may run what.

        root           ALL = (ALL) ALL
        %wheel         ALL = (ALL) ALL

       We let root and any user in group wheel run any command on any host as any user.

        FULLTIMERS     ALL = NOPASSWD: ALL

       Full time sysadmins (millert, mikef, and dowdy) may run any command on any host without authenticating themselves.

        PARTTIMERS     ALL = ALL

       Part time sysadmins (bostley, jwfox, and crawl) may run any command on any host but they must authenticate themselves
       first (since the entry lacks the NOPASSWD tag).

        jack           CSNETS = ALL

       The user jack may run any command on the machines in the CSNETS alias (the networks 128.138.243.0, 128.138.204.0, and
       128.138.242.0).  Of those networks, only 128.138.204.0 has an explicit netmask (in CIDR notation) indicating it is a
       class C network.  For the other networks in CSNETS, the local machine's netmask will be used during matching.

        lisa           CUNETS = ALL

       The user lisa may run any command on any host in the CUNETS alias (the class B network 128.138.0.0).

        operator       ALL = DUMPS, KILL, SHUTDOWN, HALT, REBOOT, PRINTING,\
                       sudoedit /etc/printcap, /usr/oper/bin/

       The operator user may run commands limited to simple maintenance.  Here, those are commands related to backups, killing
       processes, the printing system, shutting down the system, and any commands in the directory /usr/oper/bin/.

        joe            ALL = /usr/bin/su operator

       The user joe may only su(1) to operator.

        pete           HPPA = /usr/bin/passwd [A-Za-z]*, !/usr/bin/passwd root

        %opers         ALL = (: ADMINGRP) /usr/sbin/

       Users in the opers group may run commands in /usr/sbin/ as themselves with any group in the ADMINGRP Runas_Alias (the adm
       and oper groups).

       The user pete is allowed to change anyone's password except for root on the HPPA machines.  Note that this assumes
       passwd(1) does not take multiple user names on the command line.

        bob            SPARC = (OP) ALL : SGI = (OP) ALL

       The user bob may run anything on the SPARC and SGI machines as any user listed in the OP Runas_Alias (root and operator).

        jim            +biglab = ALL

       The user jim may run any command on machines in the biglab netgroup.  sudo knows that "biglab" is a netgroup due to the
       '+' prefix.

        +secretaries   ALL = PRINTING, /usr/bin/adduser, /usr/bin/rmuser

       Users in the secretaries netgroup need to help manage the printers as well as add and remove users, so they are allowed
       to run those commands on all machines.

        fred           ALL = (DB) NOPASSWD: ALL

       The user fred can run commands as any user in the DB Runas_Alias (oracle or sybase) without giving a password.

        john           ALPHA = /usr/bin/su [!-]*, !/usr/bin/su *root*

       On the ALPHA machines, user john may su to anyone except root but he is not allowed to specify any options to the su(1)
       command.

        jen            ALL, !SERVERS = ALL

       The user jen may run any command on any machine except for those in the SERVERS Host_Alias (master, mail, www and ns).

        jill           SERVERS = /usr/bin/, !SU, !SHELLS

       For any machine in the SERVERS Host_Alias, jill may run any commands in the directory /usr/bin/ except for those commands
       belonging to the SU and SHELLS Cmnd_Aliases.

        steve          CSNETS = (operator) /usr/local/op_commands/

       The user steve may run any command in the directory /usr/local/op_commands/ but only as user operator.

        matt           valkyrie = KILL

       On his personal workstation, valkyrie, matt needs to be able to kill hung processes.

        WEBMASTERS     www = (www) ALL, (root) /usr/bin/su www

       On the host www, any user in the WEBMASTERS User_Alias (will, wendy, and wim), may run any command as user www (which
       owns the web pages) or simply su(1) to www.

        ALL            CDROM = NOPASSWD: /sbin/umount /CDROM,\
                       /sbin/mount -o nosuid\,nodev /dev/cd0a /CDROM

       Any user may mount or unmount a CD-ROM on the machines in the CDROM Host_Alias (orion, perseus, hercules) without
       entering a password.  This is a bit tedious for users to type, so it is a prime candidate for encapsulating in a shell
       script.

SECURITY NOTES
       It is generally not effective to "subtract" commands from ALL using the '!' operator.  A user can trivially circumvent
       this by copying the desired command to a different name and then executing that.  For example:

           bill        ALL = ALL, !SU, !SHELLS

       Doesn't really prevent bill from running the commands listed in SU or SHELLS since he can simply copy those commands to a
       different name, or use a shell escape from an editor or other program.  Therefore, these kind of restrictions should be
       considered advisory at best (and reinforced by policy).

       Furthermore, if the fast_glob option is in use, it is not possible to reliably negate commands where the path name
       includes globbing (aka wildcard) characters.  This is because the C library's fnmatch(3) function cannot resolve relative
       paths.  While this is typically only an inconvenience for rules that grant privileges, it can result in a security issue
       for rules that subtract or revoke privileges.

       For example, given the following sudoers entry:

        john   ALL = /usr/bin/passwd [a-zA-Z0-9]*, /usr/bin/chsh [a-zA-Z0-9]*,
             /usr/bin/chfn [a-zA-Z0-9]*, !/usr/bin/* root

       User john can still run /usr/bin/passwd root if fast_glob is enabled by changing to /usr/bin and running ./passwd root
       instead.

PREVENTING SHELL ESCAPES
       Once sudo executes a program, that program is free to do whatever it pleases, including run other programs.  This can be
       a security issue since it is not uncommon for a program to allow shell escapes, which lets a user bypass sudo's access
       control and logging.  Common programs that permit shell escapes include shells (obviously), editors, paginators, mail and
       terminal programs.

       There are two basic approaches to this problem:

       restrict  Avoid giving users access to commands that allow the user to run arbitrary commands.  Many editors have a
                 restricted mode where shell escapes are disabled, though sudoedit is a better solution to running editors via
                 sudo.  Due to the large number of programs that offer shell escapes, restricting users to the set of programs
                 that do not is often unworkable.

       noexec    Many systems that support shared libraries have the ability to override default library functions by pointing
                 an environment variable (usually LD_PRELOAD) to an alternate shared library.  On such systems, sudo's noexec
                 functionality can be used to prevent a program run by sudo from executing any other programs.  Note, however,
                 that this applies only to native dynamically-linked executables.  Statically-linked executables and foreign
                 executables running under binary emulation are not affected.

                 The noexec feature is known to work on SunOS, Solaris, *BSD, Linux, IRIX, Tru64 UNIX, MacOS X, HP-UX 11.x and
                 AIX 5.3 and above.  It should be supported on most operating systems that support the LD_PRELOAD environment
                 variable.  Check your operating system's manual pages for the dynamic linker (usually ld.so, ld.so.1, dyld,
                 dld.sl, rld, or loader) to see if LD_PRELOAD is supported.

                 On Solaris 10 and higher, noexec uses Solaris privileges instead of the LD_PRELOAD environment variable.

                 To enable noexec for a command, use the NOEXEC tag as documented in the User Specification section above.  Here
                 is that example again:

                  aaron  shanty = NOEXEC: /usr/bin/more, /usr/bin/vi

                 This allows user aaron to run /usr/bin/more and /usr/bin/vi with noexec enabled.  This will prevent those two
                 commands from executing other commands (such as a shell).  If you are unsure whether or not your system is
                 capable of supporting noexec you can always just try it out and check whether shell escapes work when noexec is
                 enabled.

       Note that restricting shell escapes is not a panacea.  Programs running as root are still capable of many potentially
       hazardous operations (such as changing or overwriting files) that could lead to unintended privilege escalation.  In the
       specific case of an editor, a safer approach is to give the user permission to run sudoedit.

SECURITY NOTES
       sudoers will check the ownership of its time stamp directory (/var/lib/sudo by default) and ignore the directory's
       contents if it is not owned by root or if it is writable by a user other than root.  On systems that allow non-root users
       to give away files via chown(2), if the time stamp directory is located in a world-writable directory (e.g., /tmp), it is
       possible for a user to create the time stamp directory before sudo is run.  However, because sudoers checks the ownership
       and mode of the directory and its contents, the only damage that can be done is to "hide" files by putting them in the
       time stamp dir.  This is unlikely to happen since once the time stamp dir is owned by root and inaccessible by any other
       user, the user placing files there would be unable to get them back out.

       sudoers will not honor time stamps set far in the future.  Time stamps with a date greater than current_time + 2 *
       TIMEOUT will be ignored and sudo will log and complain.  This is done to keep a user from creating his/her own time stamp
       with a bogus date on systems that allow users to give away files if the time stamp directory is located in a world-
       writable directory.

       On systems where the boot time is available, sudoers will ignore time stamps that date from before the machine booted.

       Since time stamp files live in the file system, they can outlive a user's login session.  As a result, a user may be able
       to login, run a command with sudo after authenticating, logout, login again, and run sudo without authenticating so long
       as the time stamp file's modification time is within 15 minutes (or whatever the timeout is set to in sudoers).  When the
       tty_tickets option is enabled, the time stamp has per-tty granularity but still may outlive the user's session.  On Linux
       systems where the devpts filesystem is used, Solaris systems with the devices filesystem, as well as other systems that
       utilize a devfs filesystem that monotonically increase the inode number of devices as they are created (such as Mac OS
       X), sudoers is able to determine when a tty-based time stamp file is stale and will ignore it.  Administrators should not
       rely on this feature as it is not universally available.

       If users have sudo ALL there is nothing to prevent them from creating their own program that gives them a root shell (or
       making their own copy of a shell) regardless of any '!' elements in the user specification.

SEE ALSO
       rsh(1), su(1), fnmatch(3), glob(3), mktemp(3), strftime(3), sudoers.ldap(5), sudo_plugin(8), sudo(8), visudo(8)

CAVEATS
       The sudoers file should always be edited by the visudo command which locks the file and does grammatical checking. It is
       imperative that sudoers be free of syntax errors since sudo will not run with a syntactically incorrect sudoers file.

       When using netgroups of machines (as opposed to users), if you store fully qualified host name in the netgroup (as is
       usually the case), you either need to have the machine's host name be fully qualified as returned by the hostname command
       or use the fqdn option in sudoers.

BUGS
       If you feel you have found a bug in sudo, please submit a bug report at http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/bugs/

SUPPORT
       Limited free support is available via the sudo-users mailing list, see http://www.sudo.ws/mailman/listinfo/sudo-users to
       subscribe or search the archives.

DISCLAIMER
       sudo is provided ``AS IS'' and any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties
       of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose are disclaimed.  See the LICENSE file distributed with sudo or
       http://www.sudo.ws/sudo/license.html for complete details.



1.8.3                                                  September 16, 2011                                             SUDOERS(5)